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The Ottoman wintering in Toulon occurred during the winter of 1543–44, following the Franco-Ottoman Siege of Nice, as part of the combined operations under the Franco-Ottoman alliance. ==Wintering in Toulon== The Ottomans were offered by Francis I of France to winter at Toulon so that they could continue to harass the Holy Roman Empire, and especially the coast of Spain and Italy, as well the communications between the two countries: Only the heads of households were allowed to remain in the city, with the rest of the population having to leave, on pain of death. Francis I indemnified the inhabitants by exempting them from the ''taille'' tax for a period of 10 years.〔(''The rise and fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610'' by Robert Jean Knecht p.181 )〕 During the wintering of Barbarossa, the Toulon Cathedral was transformed into a mosque, the call to prayer occurred five times a day, and Ottoman coinage was the currency of choice. According to an observer: "To see Toulon, one might imagine oneself at Constantinople".〔Crowley, p.74〕 Throughout the winter, the Ottomans were able to use Toulon as a base to attack the Spanish and Italian coasts under Admiral Salih Reis.〔(''Suleiman the Magnificent - Sultan of the East'' by Harold Lamb p.230 )〕 They raided and bombarded Barcelona in Spain, and Sanremo, Borghetto Santo Spirito, Ceriale in Italy, and defeated Italo-Spanish naval attacks.〔(''Firearms of the Islamic world in the Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait'' Robert Elgood p.38 )〕 Christian slaves were being sold in Toulon throughout the period.〔(''The cambridge modern history'' p.77 )〕 Sailing with his whole fleet to Genoa, Barbarossa negotiated with Andrea Doria the release of Turgut Reis.〔(''Piracy'' Angus Konstam, p.85 )〕 Barbarossa found the Toulon base very pleasant and convenient, could refit his ships at the expense of France, and could maintain an effective blockade of Christian shipping. The Lord Lieutenant of Provence complained about Barbarossa that "he takes his ease while emptying the coffers of France".〔 The Ottomans finally departed from their Toulon base after a stay of 8 months, on 23 May 1544, after Francis I had paid 800,000 ecus to Barbarossa.〔〔Crowley, p.75〕 All Turkish and Barbary corsairs had to be freed from French galleys also, as a condition to his departure.〔 Barbarossa also pillaged 5 French ships in the harbour of Toulon in order to provision his fleet.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ottoman wintering in Toulon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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